Pulping the South:
Industrial Tree Plantations in the World Paper Economy
Ricardo Carrere and Larry Lohmann

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Contents:

PART ONE: PLANTATIONS, PULP AND PAPER

1. Introduction

Commercial plantations and forests
The advent of large-scale monocultures
Plantations extent
Plantation imperialism
About this book
Looking beyond this book

2. Introducing Pulp and Paper

The evolution of a wood-based industry
From wood to pulp
From pulp to paper
From paper back to pulp
Large scale, capital intensity and centralization
Boom and bust
Concentration and liberalization
Economic risks in South and North
Consumption and demand creation

3. Emergence of a Global System

A global market
Export destinations
Causes of globalization
Shifting pulp production
Dynamics of globalization: the case of Japan

4. Impacts on People and their Environment

Unfair to tree plantations?
The two libraries
Impacts on water
Impacts on biodiversity
Impacts on the soil
Industrial pollution
Other socioeconomic impacts
Conclusions

5. Actors behind the Scenes

Pulp and paper firms
Consultancy companies
Technology suppliers
Industry associations and alliances
Bilateral agencies
State investment and export credit agencies
Multilateral agencies
Research institutes and NGOs
Conclusion

6. Managing Resistance

Non-threatening resistance
More difficult forms of resistance
Public relations, intelligence and 'astroturf'
Supporting conditions
Dividing experts from plantation opponents
Stories for the uninformed public
Conclusion

PART TWO: TREE PLANTATIONS IN THE SOUTH

7. Brazil: The Eucalyptus Pulp Giant

An apparent success
Aracruz
Bahia Sul Celulose
CENIBRA
Jari and Companhia Florestal Monte Dourado
Riocell
Other planned projects
Conclusions

8. Chile: A Plantation Model Imposed by a Dictatorship

The native forests
Genesis of the present model
Socioeconomic and enviromental consequences
Environmental degradation
Conclusions

9. Uruguay: 'Forests' on the Grasslands

From tree plantings to industrial plantations
Domestic conditions encouraging the industrial model
External conditions
Voluntary blindness
A bad investment for the nation
Conclusions

10. South Africa: A Fibre Exporter with Few Forests

A lack of firewood in a sea of trees
More power to the powerful
Jobs, work and migration
Changes in lifestyle
Water: a scarce and disputed resource
Biodiversity in danger
Soil Degradation
Conclusions

11. Indonesia: Deforestation and Repression

Concentration
Export focus
Foreign involvement
Plantations and deforestation
Further subsidies
Disintegration and resistance

12. Thailand: From 'Reforestation' to Contract Farming

Manufacturing and export growth
Official collaboration
Foreign subsidies
Popular resistance and its effects
The struggles of the 1990s
From planting leased land to contract farming
Moving abroad
The Thai Forestry Sector Master Plan

13. Conclusion: Looking to the Future

The priority of politics
Working positions
Alliances among interest groups
International solidarity

Bibliography

Acknowledgements

This book, commissioned by the World Rainforest Movement at its meeting in Delhi in April 1994, has its origins in increasing concern among non-governmental organizations in the South over the spread of monoculture tree plantations. It is intended as a tool for all movements alarmed at the social, political and environmental effects of these plantations.

The authors, both of whom have been long involved in the plantations issue, divided their work on this book equally and were in constant consultation with each other across the Atlantic throughout its writing. Ricardo Carrere, based at the Instituto del Tercer Mundo in Uruguay, was responsible for drafting Chapters 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10; Larry Lohmann, based in the UK, for Chapters 2, 3, 5, 11 and 12. Chapters 1, 6 and 13 were jointly written.

The authors have been helped with information, advice, translations and criticism by more people than it is possible to name. Among those to whom thanks are due are Chris Albertyn, Patrick Anderson, Ndinga Assitou, Bill Barclay, Isabel Bermejo, Teresa Brooks, Raymond Bryant, Owen Cameron, Chee Yoke Ling, Marcus Colchester, Saliem Fakir, Anna Fanzeres, Maurizio Farhan, David Fig, Mark Gandar, Ted Gutman, Alastair Graham, Helen Groome, David Hallowes, John Hanson, S. R. Hiramath, Nicholas Hildyard, Tomoya Inyaku, Sonoko Kawakami, Edda Kirleis, Jos Koopmans, Yoichi Kuroda, Sari Kuvaja, Chris Lang, Karin Lindahl, M. Patricia Marchak, Francesco Martone, Sarah Mason, Aubrey Mayer, Francisco Menezes, Moema Miranda, Robert Molteno, Sandra Moniaga, Roger Olsson, Juan-Pablo Orrego, David Orton, Saskia Ozinga, Ian Penna, Prompana Kuaicharoen, Noel Rajesh, Ulf Rasmusson, Sarah Roberts, Grant Rosoman, Sarah Sexton, Vandana Shiva, Pam Simmons, Maureen Smith, David Sonnenfeld, Srisuwan Kuankachorn, Antonio Thomen, Rowan Tilly, Marko Ulvila, Ann Danaiya Usher, Hern n Verscheure, Thomas Wallgren, Jeremy Whitham, Alex Wilks, Witoon Permpongsacharoen, Al Wong, and Roger Wright. None of these people, of course, would necessarily agree with all or any of the conclusions reached in the book.

The authors appreciate the financial support of the Heinrich B"ll Foundation, NOVIB, and IDRC, without which this book could not have been written.
WRM Plantations Campaign