Pulping the South:
Industrial Tree Plantations in the World Paper Economy
Ricardo Carrere and Larry Lohmann

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__ (1993) 'Report on Eucalyptus Plantation Schemes in Brazil and Chile by Japanese Companies', Tokyo: JATAN
__ (1994) Briefing paper for World Rainforest Movement meeting, New Delhi, April.

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- Jawni Odochao (1996) 'Kaan Tham Rai Mun Wian (swidden agriculture)', ms., Chiang Mai: Project for Ecological Recovery.

- Jirasak Jindarojana, Juckrit Homchan, Patcharee Saenchan et al. (1993) Research and Development as Experimental Agriculture with Treated Wastewater. Phase I: Preliminary Experiment and Pre-feasibility Study, Final Report, Khon Kaen: Khon Kaen University and Phoenix Pulp and Paper Company, Ltd.

- Jordan, C. F. (1985) Nutrient Cycling in Tropical Forest Ecosystems: Principles and their Applications in Management and Conservation, New York: Wiley.

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- Joyce, Christopher (1988) 'The Tree that Caused a Riot', New Scientist.

- Judt, Manfred (1994) 'Hemp: Papermakers Should Take It with a Pinch of Salt', PPI, October: 32-35.

- Junus, I. (1994) Indonesia Plywood Industry, London: WI Carr, Banque Indosuez Group, June.

- Kardell, Lars, Steen, Eliel and Fabiao, Antonio (1986) 'Eucalyptus in Portugal _ A Threat or a Promise?', Ambio 15, 1: 6-13.

- Karkkainen, Matti (1994) Presentation at Jaakko Poyry Oy, March.

- Kerski, Anita (1995) 'Pulp, Paper and Power: How an Industry Reshapes Its Social Environment', The Ecologist 25 (4), July/August: 142-9.

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__ (1991b) 'Brazil: A Growing Force in World Pulp and Paper', P&PA, August.
__ (1993) 'Latin America', PPI, July.

- Kroesa, Renate (1990) Greenpeace Guide to Paper, Vancouver: Greenpeace.

- Kuroda, Yoichi (1995) Personal communication, August.

- Lagos, Ernesto (1993a) 'No queremos regalos', Chile Forestal 202, February [?].
__ (1993b) 'Proyecto de ley de bosque nativo beneficiar las inversiones', Chile Forestal 208, August.

- Laitalainen R. (1992) Letter to Witoon Permpongsacharoen, Project for Ecological Recovery, Bangkok, August.

- Lamb, D. (1992) Exploiting the Tropical Rain Forest, Paris: UNESCO.

- Lang, Chris (1995) Personal communication.

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- Lara, Antonio and Veblen, Thomas (1993) 'Forest Plantations in Chile: A Successful Model', in Mather, Alexander, ed., Afforestation: Policies, Planning and Progress, London: Belhaven Press.

- Larrobla, Ricardo et al. (coords.) (1992) Plantemos árboles. Guía práctica para el forestador. Montevideo: Rotary Club/Hemisferio Sur.

- Latorre, Jaime (1991) 'Monocultivo forestal: mito y realidad', Uruguay Forestal 1, July.

- Latorre, Raul (1995) 'Informe sobre empleo y capacitacion en la forestacion', ms.

- Le Roux, S. D. (1990) 'Impact of Afforestation on the Agricultural Resources of Natal', in University of Natal, op. cit.

- Letto, Jay (1994) 'Go East, Young Timbermaní', E Magazine, Jan./Feb.: 26-33.

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__ (1993) 'Green Orientalism', The Ecologist 23, 6.
__ (forthcoming a) 'No Rules of Engagement: the Creative Politics of oEnvironmento in Thailand', in Rigg, J. (ed.) Counting the Costs: Economic Growth and Environmental Change in Southeast Asia, Singapore: ISEAS.
__ (forthcoming b) 'Freedom to Plant: Indonesia and Thailand in a Globalizing Pulp and Paper Industry' in Parnwell, Michael J. G. and Bryant, Raymond (eds.), Environmental Change in South-East Asia: Rendering the Human Impact Sustainable, London: Routledge.

- Lohmann, Larry, Wallgren, Thomas and Witoon Permpongsacharoen (forthcoming) 'Intercultural Politics: the Coevolution of a Master Plan and Its Critics', in Gudeman, S. and Marglin, S. (eds.) People's Ecology, People's Economy.

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- MacIsaac, Ronald and Champagne, Anne (1994) Clayoquot Mass Trials: Defending the Rainforest, Gabriola Island, B.C.: New Society Publishers.

- Magee, Sean (1994) Letter to Chris Lang, Earth Action Resource Centre, 1 December.

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__ (1992) 'Latin America and the Creation of a Global Forest Industry', in Steen, H. K. and Tucker, R. P. (eds.), Changing Tropical Forests: Historical Perspectives on Today's Challenges in Central and South America, New York: Forest History Society, International Union of Forestry Research Organizations.

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__ (1993b) 'CELPAV paves the way for more woodfrees', PPI, December.

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- Martone, Francesco (1993) 'Brazil: Anti-Pulp Activist Killed', in for.paper electronic conference, 3 May.
__ (1995) Overview on Current and Projected Trends in Trade, Production and Consumption of Pulp and Paper Products; Details on Main Paper TNCs; Trade Analysis for Selected Countries, Rome: Greenpeace International.

- Masaki, Mikio (1995) 'Commercial Reforestation and Japanese ODA', ms.

- Mather, Alexander (1990) Global Forest Resources, London: Belhaven.

- Matías, Moises (1994) 'A implantaco da industria de celulose no Maranho: CELMAR na regio Tocantin P.', Par : Sociedade Paraense de Defesa dos Direitos Humanos.

- McClelland, W. Craig (1994) 'Issues for the 1990s: US Pulp and Paper Industry', presentation at Financial Times conference on World Pulp and Paper, London, 17-18 May.

- Megalli, Mark and Friedman, Mark (1991) Masks of Deception: Corporate Front Groups in America, Washington: Essential Information.

- Messner, Dirk (1993) 'Busqueda de competitividad en la industria maderera chilena', Revista de la CEPAL 49, April.

- Mikami, Takaito (1991) 'Forestacion: base de la construccion de una nacion', Montevideo: JICA.

- Miranda, Moema (1992) 'O extremo sul da Bahia e a avassaladora chegada da modernidade. II relatorio de viagem ao extremo sul da Bahia', Rio de Janeiro: FASE/IBASE, October.
__ (1993a) 'Papel e celulose no Brasil: novos projetos, velhos dilemas', Rio de Janeiro: IBASE.
__ (1993b) 'Nas pontas do extremo: outras historias, outros tempos', Rio de Janeiro: FASE/IBASE, April.
__ (1993c) 'Indios reivindicam suas terras', for.plantation (APC electronic conference) 14 July.

- Moniaga, Sandra (1993) oCIFOR Establishment: Consistent with Conser-vation?o, unpublished paper, Pontianak, Kalimantan.

- Morey, Carlos and Porcile, Juan (1992) Proteccion sanitaria de los bosques: necesidad de una estrategia nacional', in Plantemos árboles. Guía práctica para el forestador, Montevideo: Rotary Club.

- Morrison, Elaine and Bass, Stephen (1992) 'What about the People?' in Sargent and Bass (eds.), op. cit.

- Moulton, R. J. and Richards, K. R. (1990) Costs of Sequestering Carbon through Tree Planting and Forest Management in the United States, Washington: US Department of Agriculture Forest Service.

- Muzio, Gabriele (1995) 'A contribution to the discussion on Forest Plantations', March unpublished.

- Muzio, Gabriele and Ortiz, Rosario (1995a) 'A brief commentary on the FAO's draft report on Combating Deforestation', unpublished.
__ (1995b) 'Another FAO-inspired on Green Revolution', unpublished.

- Myers, Norman (1989) Deforestation, London: Friends of the Earth.
__ (1991) Presentation at Issue Dialogue on oTree Plantations: Benefits and Drawbackso, Centre for Applied Studies in International Negotiations, Geneva, 23-24 April.
__ and Goreau, T. J. (1991) 'Tropical Forests and the Greenhouse Effect: A Management Response', Climate Change 19 (1-2): 215-225.

- NGO Network for Forest Conservation in Indonesia (SKEPHI) (1995) 'The Development Impacts of Industrial Planting Forest (HTI) Belongs Barito Pacific Group Company and South Sumatera', ms., Jakarta.

- Native Forest Network (NFN) (1995) 'Pulp in the Machine: International Day of Action against Pulp and Paper', Earth First!, Beltane.

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- Nelson, Joyce (1994) 'Pulp and Propaganda', Canadian Forum, Jul./Aug.: 14-20.

- Niku, Pekka (1993) 'Worldwide Review of Recycled Fibre', Know-How Wire (Jaakko Poyry Client Magazine) 1: 6-7.

- Oberlander, Ronald Y. (1994) 'A Canadian Perspective: Uncommon Approaches to Common Problems', paper presented to the Financial Times Conference on Pulp and Paper, London, 17-18 May.

- O'Brien, Mary (1990) 'A Crucial Matter of Cumulative Impacts: Toxicity Equivalency Factors', Journal of Pesticide Reform, Summer.

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- O'Neill, John (1993) Ecology, Policy and Politics: Human Well-Being and the Natural World, London: Routledge.

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- Oxfam (1994) 'Fifty Years is Enough', Oxford: Oxfam.

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- Paper Europe (1995) Conference Programme for Third Global Conference on Paper and the Environment, London, 27-28 March.

- Paper Publications (1994) UK Directory of Papers and Boards, London: Paper Publications.

- Pappens, Rita Anna (1995) 'Market Pulp: From Bust to Boom . . . and Back Again', PPI, January: 76.

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- Penna, Ian (1992) Japan's Paper Industry: An Overview of Its Structure and Market Trends, Tokyo: Friends of the Earth Japan.
__ (1994) 'Daishowa Paper Manufacturing Co.: A Corporate Profile', Tokyo: JATAN.

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__ (1995) 'Impactos socioeconomicos', in Carrere, Ricardo et al., Impactos de la Forestacion en Uruguay, Montevideo: Instituto del Tercer Mundo/REDES.

Periodicals

- Pesonen, Kari (1995) 'Indo-China P & P Industry _ Its Future Prospects', Paper Asia, May: 11-18.

- Pollett, E. A. and Mander, M. (1995) Mosa Florestal Afforestation Project, Mocambique: Report on Preliminary Field Visits and Scoping Workshops Held at Maputo, Zitundo and Ponta do Ouro to Identify Potential Environmental Issues, Pietermaritzburg: Institute of Natural Resources, January.

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__ (1990) 'Cultivating the Forests of the Amazon: Science of the Mebengokre', Orion Nature Quarterly 9 (3): 16-23.

- Postel, Sandra and Heise, L. (1988) Reforesting the Earth (Worldwatch Paper No. 83), Washington: Worldwatch Institute.

- Pou, Rosario (1991) 'Algo más sobre el eucalipto' Uruguay Forestal, July.
__ (1992) 'Tratamientos silviculturales', in Plantemos árboles. Guía práctica para el forestador, Montevideo: Rotary Club.

- Pratt, Larry and Urquhart, Ian (1994) The Last Great Forest: Japanese Multinationals and Alberta's Northern Forests, Edmonton: NeWest Press.

- Price, David (1995) 'Europe's Disposable Paper Market: The Going Gets Tough', P&PA 21, May.

- Project for Rural Ecological Development (PRED) (1996) Seminar on Research and Planning on Eucalyptus, Kaset Wisai district, Roi Et.

- Rada, Jose Antonio (1992) 'Plantaciones de eucalipto en Chile', Chile Forestal 196, July.

- Rahikainen, Anne, Paun, Dorothy and Catlett, Lynn (1995) 'An Examination of the United States Pulp and Paper Industry', CINTRAFOR Working Paper 54, College of Forest Resources, Seattle.

- Rajesh, Noel (1995) 'Thailand's Pulp and Paper Industry: An Overview', Bangkok: Project for Ecological Recovery.

- Rasmusson, Ulf (1994) Swedish/Scandinavian Involvement in Indonesian Forestry - The Industrial Forest Plantation and Pulp Mill Sector, Stockholm: World Wide Fund for Nature.

- Rice, Tim (ed.) (1995) Out of the Woods: Reducing Wood Consumption to Save the World's Forests: A Plan for Action in the UK, London: Friends of the Earth.

- Rich, Bruce (1994) Mortgaging the Earth: The World Bank, Environmental Impoverishment, and the Crisis of Development, Beacon: Boston.

- Riddlestone, Sue, Desai, Pooran, Rice, Tim and Solly, Tom (1995) 'The Reclamation, Reuse and Recycling of Post-Consumer Primary Industrial Wood Product Waste' in Rice, Tim, ed., Out of the Woods: Reducing Wood Consumption to Save the World's Forests: A Plan for Action in the UK, London: Friends of the Earth.

- Rocky Mountain Institute (1990) 'A $20 Bill on the Sidewalk', RMI Newsletter.

- Rogers, Lewis (1955) 'Informe sobre forestacion en el Uruguay', Silvicultura 8 (31), May.

- Rosoman, Grant (1994), The Plantation Effect: An Ecoforestry Review on the Environmental Effects of Exocit Monoculture Tree Plantations in Aotearoa/New Zealand, Wellington: Greenpeace.

- Ruiz Perez, Manuel (1990) 'El eucalipto: un tigre de papel?', unpublished report prepared for Greenpeace Spain.

- Ryan, Megan (1994) 'Recycling on a Roll' in WorldWatch Institute, Vital Signs 1994, New York: Norton.

- Said, Edward (1978) Orientalism, New York: Pantheon.

- Samaja Parivartana Samudaya (SPS) (1989) Whither Common Lands?, Dharwad: SPS.

- Sandbrook, Richard (1995) Personal communication.

- Sanitsuda Ekachai (1992) 'Man and the Forest', Bangkok Post, 24 January.

- Sanways, M. J.and Moore, S. D. (1991) 'Influence of Exotic Conifer Patches on Grasshopper (Orthoptera) Assemblages in a Grassland Matrix at a Recreational Reserve, Natal, South Africa', Biol.Conservation 57: 117-137.

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__ (1990b) Personal communication.
__ (1992) 'Natural Forest or Plantation?' in Sargent and Bass (eds.), op. cit.

- Sargent, Caroline and Bass, Stephen (eds.) (1992) Plantation Politics: Forest Plantations in Development, London: Earthscan.

- Sargent, Caroline, Mingsarn Khaosa-ard, Butler, John and van Ginneken, Pieter (1992) Thai Forestry Sector Master Plan: Mid-Term Review, London: International Institute for Environment and Development.

- Sawyer, Jacqueline (1993) Plantations in the Tropics: Environmental Concerns, Gland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature.

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__ (1992b) 'India's Eucalyptus Craze: The God that Failed', Panoscope, May.

- Schindler, David (1995) 'Toward Sustainable Development of the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry', in Western Canada Wilderness Committee, Al-Pac: Mitsubishi's Attack on Alberta, Edmonton: WCWC.

- Schinke, Gert (1992a) 'Brazil pulp mill scandal', in haz.pulpmills (APC electronic conference), 10 June.
__ (1992b) 'Alerto: Riocell escandalo', in haz.pulpmills (APC electronic conference), 12 June.

- Schlatter, Roberto and Murua, Roberto (1992) 'Control Biologico de Plagas Forestales: Bosque Artificial y Biodiversidad', Ambiente y Desarrollo 8 (1), April: 66-70.

- Schreuder, Gerard F. and Anderson, E. (1988) 'International Wood Chip Trade: Past Developments and Future Trends, with Emphasis on Japan', in Schreuder, Gerard F. (ed.) Global Issues and Outlook in Pulp and Paper, Seattle: University of Washington.

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- Shell International Petroleum Company and World Wide Fund for Nature (1993) Tree Plantation Review, 11 vols., London: Shell/WWF.

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__ (1991b) Ecology and the Politics of Survival: Conflicts over Natural Resources in India, New Delhi: Sage.
__ (1993) Monocultures of the Mind: Perspectives on Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Penang: Third World Network.

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- Soetikno, Abubakar (1993) 'Appita's Asia Profile', Appita Journal 46, 2: 90-92.

- Soltani, Atossa and Whitney, Penelope (eds.) (1995) Cut Waste, Not Trees: How to Save Forests, Cut Pollution and Create Jobs, San Francisco: Rainforest Action Network.

- Sonnenfeld, David (1995) Personal communication.

- Soulas, Alain (1994) 'Post-Recession Global Strategies: Competition, Trade and the Environment', paper presented to the Financial Times Conference on World Pulp and Paper, London, 17-18 May.

- Spencer, J. E. (1966) Shifting Cultivation in Southeast Asia, Berkeley: University of California.

- Stauber, John C. and Rampton, Sheldon (1995) Toxic Sludge is Good for You: Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry, Monroe, ME: Common Courage.

- Stefan, Virginia (1995) 'Market Pulp Figures Signal a New Brand of Recovery', PPI, August: 14-16.

- Stolovich, Luis (1995) Forestacion: Un Negocio Para Quien? Montevideo: Instituto del Tercer Mundo/CIEDUR.

- Suppachai Saranaraksa (1996) Interview, Phoenix Pulp and Paper Co., Ltd., 21 February.

- Susaeta, Eladio (1993) 'Madera Pulpable: Interesante Opcion para el Uruguay', Uruguay Forestal 5, May.

- Swann, Charles (1992) 'Mexico: Importer of pulp and paper', Papermaker, November.
__ (1993) 'South America: The Promise and the Problems', Papermaker, August.

- Taiga Rescue Network (TRN) (1993) 'The Taiga: A Treasure or Timber and Trash?', Jokkmokk: TRN.

- Terra, Patricia (1992) 'Papel: uma industria poluente', Ecologia e Desenvolvimento 2 (19), September: 18-20.

- Thailand Royal Forest Department (RFD), Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Royal Thai Government (1993), Thai Forestry Sector Master Plan, Bangkok: RFD.

- Thomen, Antonio (1990) Personal communication.
__ (1991) 'Desierto Verde: La Conspiracion del Eucalipto', Ecología y Conservacionismo 15, May.

- Tjahjono, S. Indro (1993) 'The Tragedy of Indonesian Forests', ms., Jakarta.

- Tunya Sukpanich (1990) 'Killing the Land for Money', Bangkok Post, 22 February.

- Tuset, Rinaldo et al. (1990) El Complejo Forestal en Uruguay, Montevideo: Fac. Agronomía.

- Ulvila, Marko (1994) 'Pulp Industry in Indonesia: Finnish Companies Participate in Rainforest Destruction', Tampere: Coalition for Environment and Development.

- United Nations (1993-4), Import-Export Statistics, New York: UN.

- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Agriculture Service (1994) Wood Products Trade and Foreign Markets, Washington: USDA, August.

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- Uruguay Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP) (1994) Forestacion: Negocios de Buena Madera, Montevideo: MGAP, 1994 __ (1994) Uruguay Forestal: Más Naturaleza. Oportunidades de Inversion, Montevideo: MGAP.

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__ (1991) oA Finn-Ancial Harvesto, The Nation (Bangkok), 10 February.
__ (1994) oSwedes Assisting FIO Reformo, The Nation (Bangkok), 13 December.
__ (1994) Personal communication, December.

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- Van Dijk, Martha and Dekker, Ariette (1995) 'Industry Faces Another Cycle When Tapping Finance Markets', PPI, September: 23-27.

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- Van Hook, Matthew (1994) Paper presented to the Financial Times Conference on Pulp and Paper, London, 17-18 May.

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- Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (1995) Letter to OECF, Jakarta, 14 July.

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- Weyerhaeuser (1995) Weyerhaeuser Report 1994, Tacoma.

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- Wilson, Philip (1995) 'Getting Back to the Roots of Tree Improvement', PPI, April

- Wilson, Robert A. (1991) 'Managed Forests: Economic and Ecological Aspects', presentation to the World Pulp and Paper Environmental Conference, Leningrad, 16-17 April.
__ (1995) 'Learning Lessons from Intelligent Fibre', PPI, April: 45-6.

- Wong, Alfred (1991) 'Industry Development and Environmental Protection _ Compatible Goals?', Proceedings, Tropical Pulp Conference, Jakarta: Arbokem Inc. and Deutsche Papierwirtschaft.
__ (1992) 'New Direction in Industry Development and Environmental Protection for Non-Wood Pulp Mills in Developing Countries', ms., Vancouver: Arbokem Inc.

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- World Bank (1989) Uruguay Second Agriculture Development Project, Staff Appraisal Report, Washington: World Bank.
__ (1994a) Indonesia Environment and Development: Challenges for the Future, Washington: World Bank.
__ (1994b) Forest Policy Implementation Review (draft), Washington: World Bank.
__ (1995) World Development Report 1994, Washington: World Bank.
__ (1995) Monthly Operational Summary of Bank and IDA Proposed Projects, November.
__ (n.d.) Guide to International Business Opportunities, Washington: World Bank.

- World Resources Institute (1994) World Resources 1994-95, New York: Oxford University Press.

- Worldwatch, Vital Signs 1994, New York: Norton.

- Wright, Roger (1993) 'World Pulp Market: Forecasts and Prospects as at Mid-1992o, P&PA 14, 13-19.
__ (1994) 'New Markets; New Developments _ Indonesia', presentation to the Financial Times Conference on World Pulp and Paper, London, 17-18 May.
__ (1995) Personal communication.

- Zerner, Charles (1992) Indigenous Forest-Dwelling Communities in Indonesia's Outer Islands: Livelihood, Rights, and Environmental Management Institutions in the Era of Industrial Forest Exploitation, unpublished report commissioned by the World Bank.

Periodicals:

Asia Pulp and Paper (AP&P)

Bangkok Post (BP)

Chile Forestal

Deccan Herald

Development Today (DT) (Oslo)

Dirigente Industrial

Down to Earth (Delhi)

Down to Earth (London)

The Economist

Environesia (Jakarta)

Enso Vision

Far Eastern Economic Review (FEER)

Financial Times (London)

Forum Keadilan (Jakarta)

The Guardian (G) (London)

Helsingen Sanomat (Helsinki)

The Independent (London)

International Agricultural

Development (IAD)

International Herald Tribune (IHT)

Jagruta Vani (JV),

quarterly newsletter of Samaja

Parivartana Samudaya (Dharwad, Karnataka)

Jakarta Post (JP)

Japan Pulp and Paper (JP&P)

Know-How Wire (Jaakko Poyry Client Magazine)

Kompas (Jakarta)

Krungthep Thurakit (Bangkok)

Management and Technology (MT) (Leatherhead, UK)

Matichon (Bangkok)

The Nation (Bangkok)

New Straits Times (NST) (Singapore)

Observer (London)

Paper and Packaging Analyst (P&PA)

Paper Asia

Phuu Jatkaan (Northeastern edition, Khon Kaen, Thailand)

Phuu Jatkaan Raai Sapdaa (Bangkok)

Phuu Jatkaan Raai Wan (Bangkok)

Public Relations Watch (PRW) (Madison, WI, USA)

Pulp and Paper (P&P)

Pulp and Paper International (PPI)

Paperboard Packaging (PP)

Papermaker

Prachachart Thurakit (Bangkok)

La Republica (Montevideo)

Revista Pastoral Campesina

Setiakawan (Jakarta)

Skogsindustrierna Press Releases

Statesman (New Delhi)

Suara Pembuaran (Jakarta)

Taiga News (TN)

TAPPI Journal

Tempo (Jakarta)

The Times (London)

Treasury News (Washington, DC)

Uruguay Forestal

World Rainforest Report (WRR)  (Lismore, Australia)

World Wood (WW)